Passive Versus Active Components

Passive components have no gain and are not valves

·         Voltage Regulator: an active component which accepts a range of voltages and outputs one constant voltage.

Vacuum Tube equals Thermonic Valve

A Vacuum Tube is a container (usually of glass) from which the air is removed. Inside the tube are two or more ”Elements”. 

·         Cathode: (electron emitter) has an electrically heated filament (which you can usually see glow red ) which spits out electrons that travel through the vacuum to the Anode (electron acceptor).

·         Anode: Is a conductive (usually metal) plate that is connected to a positive voltage. The negative electrons flow from the Cathode to the Anode.

A vacuum tube with just Cathode and Anode elements is a DIODE. Current will flow only when the Anode has a positive voltage relative to the Cathode.

·         Grid(s): metal gratings or grids are placed between the Cathode and Anode to produce devices that can amplify signals.

NOTE: A tube with 3 elements (one grid) is a TRIODE, with 2 grids a TETRODE, with 3 grids a PENTODE.

A Grid between the cathode and anode controls the flow of electrons. By applying a negative voltage to the grid it is possible to control the flow of electrons. This is the basis of the Vacuum Tube amplifier.

A problem with Vacuum Tubes is they are big, bulky, and often meant for applications involving a lot of power. They are very powerful which usually being a Vacuum. However it is possible to scale up vacuum tubes to very high powers, and many high-powered transmitters for broadcast FM and TV use vacuum power tubes.

Vacuum tube-based amplifiers have largely been replaced by semiconductor transistor-based amplifiers, as they are low power and much more compact.

The voltage difference in the direction from the cathode to the anode is known as the forward bias and is the normal operating mode. If the voltage applied to the Anode becomes negative relative to the Cathode, no electrons will flow. In electronics vacuum electron tube or valve is a device that controls current. Through a vacuum in sealed container. Vacuum tubes rely on thermionic emission of electrons from hot filament.