Primary and secondary power distribution systems (layouts explained)
Primary distribution systems Primary distribution systems consist of feeders that deliver power from distribution substations…
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Control house layout – 3
Cableways Cable routing can be accomplished by using any of several methods. Cable Trenches Cable…
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Control house layout – 2
DC Equipment Substation DC equipment located in the control house normally consists of the battery,…
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Control house layout -1
Control and Relay protection Panels Most protection relaying, metering, and control equipment is mounted on…
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Control house at HV/EHV switchyards and substations (construction, layout and functions)
Control house Nowadays, the control house is one of the main parts in every modern…
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Phase Comparison
Phase comparison relay systems monitor the current direction at each line terminal of the protected…
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Underreaching Transfer Trip Schemes
Underreaching transfer trip schemes include two variations: direct underreach and permissive underreach. The communications for this…
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Pilot schemes for transmission line protection
When do we use pilot schemes? Pilot schemes simultaneously measure and monitor system parameters at…
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Double Breaker–Double Bus
The double breaker-double bus configuration consists of two main buses, each normally energized. Electrically connected…
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Breaker-and-a-Half
The breaker-and-a-half configuration consists of two main buses, each normally energized. Electrically connected between the buses…